reflexioReflexioReflexio2658-45062658-6894НГУ10.25205/2658-4506-2018-11-1-99-153reflexio-9Research ArticleОБЗОРЫФеномен хикикомори: обзор исследованийThe phenomenon of hikikomori: review of studiesЛякинаЯ. С.LyakinaYa. S.lyakina@fp.nsu.ruНовосибирский государственный университетРоссияNovosibirsk State UniversityRussian Federation20182610202011199153Copyright © Лякина Я.С., 20202020Лякина Я.С.Lyakina Y.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://reflexio.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/9Цель

Цель. Феномен хикикомори, впервые описанный в Японии как форма острой и / или тяжелой самоизоляции молодежи, в настоящее время рассматривается как международная растущая социально-психологическая проблема, появляется все больше описаний случаев подобного поведения среди молодежи в разных странах. Цель этой статьи - обобщение результатов исследований, проведенных в Японии и в других странах, для обеспечения большего понимания феномена хикикомори.

Метод

Метод. В этом обзоре изучалась существующая имеющаяся научная информация о феномене хикикомори в академических базах данных (Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science и PubMed).

Результаты

Результаты. После проведенного анализа исследований мы обобщили информацию по следующим категориям: 1) определения понятия хикикомори; 2) хикикомори и психические заболевания; 3) теории развития; 4) факторы, связанные с социальной изоляцией молодежи; 5) интервенции для социально изолировавшихся молодых людей. Соответственно, существуют разнообразные и противоречивые определения феномена социальной изоляции молодежи. Исследования основаны на моделях, которые приводят к совершенно различным выводам. Исследователи, рассматривающие социальную изоляцию молодежи с точки зрения теории привязанности, видят данный феномен как негативное явление, тогда как те, кто принимает теорию стадий психосоциального развития, относятся к нему более позитивно как к процессу поиска самопознания в период «психосоциального моратория». В настоящее время разработаны различные методы помощи для социально изолировавшихся молодых людей, в основном в Японии, но практически не существует научных исследований оценки их эффективности.

Вывод

Вывод. Анализ показал гетерогенность феномена хикикомори, выделяются разные подгруппы социально изолировавшейся молодежи. Исследователи предлагают рассматривать феномен хикикомори как результат взаимодействия между психологическими, семейными, социокультурными, поведенческими и биологическими факторами. Отмечается, что будущая валидация этого подхода поможет продвинуться вперед в развитии теории социальной изоляции молодежи как новой проблемы в развитых странах и эффективных научно обоснованных методов помощи.

Objective

Objective. Japan’s hikikomori phenomenon (acute and/or severe social withdrawal behavior among youth) is considered as growing internationalsocio-psychological problem, more youth social withdrawal cases in different countries have been discovered recently. The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the results of studies conducted in Japan and other countries to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of hikikomori.

Method

Method. This review examined the current available scientific information on youth social withdrawal in the academic databases: Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and PubMed. Results.

As a result of our analysis of the studies we synthesized the information into the following categories: (1) definitions of hikikomori, (2) hikikomori and mental disorder, (3) developmental theories, (4) factors associated with youth social withdrawal and (5) interventions for socially withdrawn youths. Accordingly, there are diverse and controversial definitions for youth social withdrawal. Studies of youth social withdrawal are based on models that lead to quite different conclusions. Researchers with an attachment perspective view youth social withdrawal as a negative phenomenon, whereas those who adopt Erikson’s developmental theory view it more positively as a process of seeking self-knowledge. Different interventions for socially withdrawn youths have been developed, mainly in Japan, but evidence-based practice is almost non-existent.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The analysis demonstrated the heterogeneity of the phenomenon of hikikomori, different subgroups were identified. Researchers proposed a theoretical framework that views youth social withdrawal as resulting of interaction between psychological, family, sociocultural, behavioral and biological factors. Future validation of the framework will help drive forward advances in theory and interventions for youth social withdrawal as an emerging issue in developed countries.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.